Producing materials such as steel, plastics and cement in the U.S. alone inflicts $79 billion a year in climate-related damage worldwide. 370 million tons of nine common materials: aluminum, iron and steel, brick, cement, lime, gypsum, asphalt, glass, and plastics were manufactured here in 2018, resulting in 427 million tons of CO2 emissions and $79 billion of climate costs not included in the market prices of these materials. Just under half of these costs came from manufacturing processes, rather than energy use. Climate energy costs can be reduced by switching to renewable sources, but process costs are fixed unless new processes or substitute materials are developed.
www.ucdavis.edu/news/assessing-real-climate-costs-manufacturing#:~:text=Producing%20materials%20such%20as%20steel,the%20University%20of%20California%2C%20Davis.